PmUZX'/k @ @i @0h@iTable1ColA1ColB1ColA2ColB2ColA3ColB3ColA4ColB4ColA5ColB5 @ &+A1 DisclaimerIn a medical emergency any trained first aiders or medical staff present must always be used for treatment.The information given here must only be used in extreme situations where such trained help is not availableNo liability is accepted for any condition caused by this information A1 Observe situation/accident fully2 Look for immediate dangers3 DO NOT put yourself at risk4 Protect victim5 Be aware of your limitations6 Assess all casualties,treating life threatening injuries first7 Ensure all necessary emergency services have been calledA1 Check for consciousness,ie a RESPONSE,being careful not to move head or neck2 Open AIRWAY by tilting head back3 Check for BREATHING by listening,looking & feeling4 Check PULSE,circulation5 Check for bleeding & control (once breathing & pulse return)C1 Ensure your own safety2 Park safely (if driving),clear of accident,hazzard indicator onDO NOT run across motorway/freeway3 If dark,carry/wear reflective material or a light4 Send bystanders to warn traffic5 Set reflective warning triangles 200m in either direction6 Turn off ignition of all vehicles,disconnecting batteries if possible.Turn off fuel supplies to diesel vehicles & motorcycles7 Steady vehicles using handbrakes & put into gear.Put blocks under wheels if not possibleDO NOT right overturned vehicles,simply brace to prevent further movement8 Look for hazards-signs on commercial vehicles,fuel spills,power cables etc9 Assess all casualties,dealing with life-threatening conditions first.Move victims only if in immediate danger10 Search area for victims thrown clear or dazed and wandering around11 For unconscious victims;-DO NOT move-Assume neck injury (SPINAL INJURY)gA1 Lie victim down-elevate knees if wound across abdomen2 Loosen clothes3 Put large dressing over wound & secure with bandage/sticky tape4 If blood seeps through cover with another dressingIf victim coughs/vomits,press firmly on dressing to stop abdomen internals pushing outIf intestine protruding,cover with cling film or plastic bag to stop drying outVA1 Monitor victim's PULSE & BREATHING.Rapid,weak pulse or very rapid/slow breathing may indicate internal bleeding.If these signs develop,call emergency services immediately2 Lie victim down with feet elevated above heart3 Loosen clothes & cover with blanket to keep warmDo not give anything to eat or drink,even if thirstyWatch for SHOCKA1 Call emergency services2 Make victim comfortable-sitting position may relieve breathing trouble3 Monitor & record BREATHING,PULSE & response every 5 mins until help arrivesIf vicim becomes unconscious place in RECOVERY POSITION & prepare to RESUSCITATEBIf bitten by wild or domestic animal may get an infection & have injury to soft tissue.Most serious consequence rabies,transmitted in saliva of diseased animals,including dogs,cats,cattle,& bats.Infected animals may behave strangely;i.e.a nocturnal animal active during day,or may drool,appear partially paralyzed,irritable or quiet.Fatal if not treated promptly.If you/victim may have been bitten by rabid animal,call emergency services immediately.Get away from animal.DO NOT try to catch/hold it.Wash wound with soap & water,control bleeding & apply antibiotic ointment & dressing.If bleeding heavily,do not try to wash;try to control bleeding.Remember what animal looked like & where last seen^A1 Keep calm,reassure victim & encourage slow,deep breaths2 Help victim find & use inhaler (usually blue) to synchronize with deep intake of breath to take spray down into lungsIf attack continues over 10 mins:-Call emergency servicesSit victim down,leaning slightly forward,resting elbows on back of another chairOpen window,unless cold weatherCConscious Victim;1 Reassure victim & tell them not to move2 Keep head,neck & spine aligned using your hands over their ears to keep head still3 Place rolled towels/padding around neck & shoulders,keeping head held4 Call emergency servicesIf victim becomes unconscious,place in RECOVERY POSITION,keeping head/neck aligned with spine. Be prepared to RESUSCITATEUnconscious Victim;If BREATHING & PULSE found, place in RECOVERY POSITION,keeping head/neck aligned with spine.Call emergency servicesIf not BREATHING & no PULSE1 Call emergency services2 Open/clear AIRWAY.Tilt head very gently keeping head in neutral position (head/neck/spine aligned,nose in line with navel)3 Check BREATHING & PULSE-if still absent,log roll (see below) victim onto back if necessary for RESUSCITATE4 Combine ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION with CHEST COMPRESSIONS until medical help arrives5 If BREATHING/PULSE recover,place victim in RECOVERY POSITION!NmPlRI!1 ̵aI+6Words in capital letters refer to other entries in the database, except "DO NOT" which advises on any actions which must not be attempted2 First Aid Priorities2 %3 Initial Assessment & Resuscitation24 Road Accident-General2Abdominal Wounds2 gIf victim becomes unconscious,open AIRWAY,check BREATHING/PULSE & prepare to RESUSCITATE.Place in RECOVERY POSITION,supporting abdomenAbdominal Wounds-BluntLike SHOCK:*Rapid pulse*Low bloodpressure*Cold,clammy skin*Abdomen may become rigid/tender*Victim may be confused/unable to remember or describe injury2 VAirway,Opening61 Place two fingers under victim's chin2 Place free hand on forehead3 Gently tilt head well back-if head/neck/spinal injury suspected,handle very carefully & tilt head just enough to open airwayuIf arway blocked;Use finger to remove blockage using a hooking action to avoid forcing blockage further into throatAlcohol Poisoning*Alcohol smell*Unconsciousness*Flushed/moist face*Deep/noisy breathing*Full pulseLater*Dry,bloated face*Shallow breathing*Dilated pupils,poor light reaction*Weak,rapid pulse61 Shake shoulders/speak loudly to guauge RESPONSE level2 If unconscious,open AIRWAY,check BREATHING & PULSE & prepare to RESUSCITATE3 Protect from cold ground & cover to keep warm'Allergic Reaction (Anaphylactic Shock)/Certain drugs,insect stings,foods (ie peanuts)]*Anxiety*Difficulty breathing*Red,blotchy skin*Face/neck swelling,puffy eyes*Rapid pulse2 KCheck for EpiPen or adrenaline syringe & assist victim to use if necessaryAmoebic DysenteryContaminated water/raw foodS*Fatigue*Listlessness*High temp*Solid/foul smelling faeces with blood/red mucus6Flagyl,plenty of fluids/restAnginaJSign of heart disease-narrow artery unable to carry enough blood to heart*Gripping pain in chest centre,often spreading to left/both arms,through to back & up to jaw*Breathlessness*Pale skin,bluish lips*Anxiety*Sudden,extreme weakness6Reduce work done by heart1 Reassure victim2 Sit them in most comfortable position,loosen clothing3 Ask if they have medication-pills placed under tongue/spray under tongue4 Keep victim rested5 Check pain passes in 1-2 minsIf pain persists may be heart attack-get victim to hospital immediatelyMonitor & record BREATHING & PULSE & be prepared to RESUSCITATEAnimal Bite-Minor6Treat as per CUTS & ABRASIONS-Contact doctor if signs of INFECTION develop&Animal Bite-Puncture Wound/Large Gashw1 Apply pressure to wound & raise injured area2 Cover wound with sterile dressing and bandage3 Get medical attention AsthmaaMuscles in walls of tubes in lungs tighten,narrow & impede air flowUsually caused by an allergyK*Breathing/speaking difficulty*Wheezing*Grey/blue skin*Dry,tickly cough2 ^DO NOT lie victim downBacillary Dysentery)Flies/contaminated water/infected faeces)*Blood-streaked faeces*Sudden high temp6$1 Antibiotics2 Rest3 Fluid intakeBack/Spinal Injuryq-Falling from height,ladders,horses,motorcycles-Deceleration from car accident-Head/face injury-Sports injury*Pain in neck/back*Step/twist in curve of spine*Spine tender to touch*If spinal cord damaged;-Loss of limb movement-Abnormal sensation-Breathing difficulty2DO NOT move unless in dangerLog Roll-Keep head,toes & in straight line throughout-Maintain support at neck-Helpers straighten victim's arms & legs-Log roll victim onto back,keeping neck supportedJ=J Bilharzia2Microscopic worm in infected water or broken skinIrritation of urinary tract6 NiridazoleDisease of bowel/bladder Black EyeType of bruise6Apply ice/cold packs for 15 mins every 1-2 hours during first 48 hours to help vessels constrict/reduce swelling.Sooner ice applied,less bleeding will resultIf painful after 48 hours,apply heat with warm towels,hot water bottle,heating padSeek medical advice immediately if-signs of INFECTIONOrBlow to eye causes: -Blood in coloured/white part of eye-Impaired/double vision-Inability to move eye normally-Severe pain in eyeball rather than eye socket[Bleeding-InternalDirect blow to body,fracture,sprain,bleeding ulcer.Internal bleeding results when blood vessels rupture & blood leaks into body cavities.If victim receives injury to chest/abdomen,suspect internal bleeding<2Bleeding-Severe External2wDO NOT remove any embedded object-apply pressure on both sides,pad & bandageIf possible wear gloves to prevent infectionDO NOT apply a tourniquetBones-Cheekbone/Nose Fracture61 Apply cold compress to reduce swelling2 Treat NOSEBLEED if necessary3 Call emergency/take victim to hospitalIf straw coloured fluid leaks from nose suspect/treat as SKULL FRACTURE$Bones-Closed Fractures/Dislocations*Most occur in shoulder,elbow,finger,thumb:*Swelling*Deformed look*Pain/tenderness*Discolouration2~DO NOT move victim until injury secure/supportedDO NOT give anything to eat/drinkDO NOT replace dislocated bone into socketBones-Compound/Open Fracture,Compound/Open fracture pierces through skinSerious bleeding may occur2'9DO NOT move victim until fracture is secured & supportedBones-GeneralJ Breathing,Checking61 Kneel beside victim,placing your face close to their mouth2 Look at chest to see if rising3 Listen for breathing sounds4 Feel for breath on cheekContinue for 10 seconds before deciding there is no breathBruises.}/Burns-ChemicalQChemicals used in manufacturing or items like bleach,battery acid,paint removersT*Stinging sensation on skin*Staining & discolouration*Skin reddens,blisters/peels2>If water not available,fluid such as milk or beer can be usedBurns-Clothing Fire2UBDO NOT use Nylon material to smotherDO NOT roll victim on groundBurns-ElectricalRCan be power lines,lightning,defective electrical equipment & unprotected outlets*Can result in serious muscle breakdown*Electrolyte abnormalities*Occasionally kidney failureSite of damage can be internal & not visible on skin surface2Burns-GeneralF) Burns-MinorDamages outer layer of skin*Redness*Mild pain*Swelling61 Immediately submerge affected part in cold (running) water/fluid or cover with cold,wet cloths for 10 mins or until pain decreases2 Remove any clothing/jewelry before swelling3 Cover with clean,dry gauze dressing for protection|DO NOT break blistersDO NOT apply adhesive dressingDO NOT use lotions,oils or fats which seal in heat,continuing the burnBurns-Severe/Scalds#Go through to second layer of skin*Skin red with blisters-may open & weep clear fluid,giving wet appearance*Area may appear mottled*Usually painful & swells*Blisters*Rough,red skin*Extreme pain2[DO NOT break blistersDO NOT touch burnDo not apply lotions,oils,fats or sticky dressingsA1 Use your/victim's palm to cover wound2 Remove palm & cover with dressing3 Cover dressing with plastic bag/foil/kitchen film & secure with sticky tape on 3 sides,leaving one open for air under pressure to escape4 Support victim in most comfortable position,leaning towards injured side5 Call emergency services6 Treat for SHOCKIf unconscious,open AIRWAY,check BREATHING & PULSE & prepare to RESUSCITATE.Place in RECOVERY POSITION with injured side uppermostC1 Cover area with plastic sheet/newspaper/towels to absorb mess2 Ensure emergency services are on way3 Remove lower clothing,covering with blanket if mother prefers4 When eidest part of baby's head visible-mother to stop pushing & pant instead.DO NOT allow the mother to drink-moisten lips if thirsty5 Tear any membrane over baby's head6 Allow baby to arrive naturally.If umbilical around baby's neck ease it over baby's head to avoid strangulationDO NOT pull baby's head or shoulders7 Lift baby from birth canal-may be slippery-handle carefully8 Place on mother's stomachDO NOT pull umbilical cord9 Baby should cry-if not,carry out RESUSCITATION-DO NOT smack10 Wrap baby in clean cloth/blanket & give to mother,with head low to let any mucus drain away from nose/mouth'A1 Encourage motherDO NOT pull or cut umbilical cord2 Keep afterbirth intact,ideally in a plastic bag,until midwife cuts cord3 Provide water,clean towels/sanitary pad to clean mother who may want to clean herself4 Massage womb just below navel-helps to stop bleeding by helping womb contractGRescue BreathingPerson suffering from asphyxiation should be given rescue breathingBefore rescue breathing,be certain victim actually stopped breathing:1 Kneel beside victim,place ear near nose & mouth & watch chest.Should feel & hear breaths & see chest rise & fall if victim breathingIf victim not breathing;1 Provide open AIRWAY.Carefully place victim on back & open mouth.If material blocking airway,must be cleared out2 Tilt victim's head back by placing heel of one hand on forehead & other hand under bony part of chin to lift it slightly3 Straddle thighs,placing one palm slightly above navel but well below breastbone.Cover this hand with other & interlace fingers4 Without bending elbows,press sharply on victim's abdomen 6-10 times5 Turn victim's head to one side & sweep out any contents in their mouth with fingers6 If victim's breathing not restored after removing object,reposition head in head-tilt/chin-lift position & continue breathing for them as long as necessary or until help arrives7 If no signs of breathing,pinch victim's nostrils closed.Seal mouth over victim's & blow 2 full breaths.Rising chest indicates air reaching lungs.If stomach expanding instead,victim's neck & jaw positioned improperly.Gently push on victim's abdomen with palm of your hand until air is expelled,because extra air in stomach may cause vomiting8 Look,listen & feel again for signs of breathing.If victim still not breathing on their own,continue blowing into their mouth one breath every 5 seconds until help arrives.Infants:If working with infant or small child,position your mouth so that you blow through child's nose & mouth at same time.Give 2 puffs,using mouth & cheeks for breathing air into infant's lungs (to keep from overinflating lungs)Administer one breath every 3-4 secondsATo clear airway perform Heimlich maneuver,aka abdominal thrusts:*Stand behind conscious choking adult,wrapping arms around their waist*With one hand,make fist*Place thumb side of fist against victim's abdomen just above navel*Be sure hand is far below tip of breastbone*Put other hand over the fist & give quick upward thrusts into victim's abdomen*Continue giving thrusts until object blocking airway dislodged & victim breathes,or until becomes unconsciousaAPerform abdominal thrusts:Stand behind victim,wrap arms around waist & make fist with one handPlace thumb side of fist against child's abdomen,above navel yet far below tip of breastbonePut other hand over the fist & give quick upward thrusts into victim's abdomenContinue giving thrusts until airway cleared & child breathes or becomes unconsciousDDuring primary survey you may determine that infant is conscious & cannot breathe,cough or cryYou must give 5 back blows & 5 chest thrusts*Place infant faceup on forearm*Put other arm on top of infant*Use thumb & fingers to hold infant's jaw,sandwiching infant between forearms*Turn infant over,facedown on forearm.*Place arm down on your thigh,being sure that infant's head lower than chest*Using heel of your hand,give 5 back blows between infant's shoulder blades.Be sure to hold infant's jaw with thumb & fingers to stabilize head* You must turn infant back over to give chest thrusts* Place free hand & forearm across infant,sandwiching between forearms & supporting head* Turn infant over onto back & place arm down on thigh,making sure infant's head lower than chest* Imagine a line across infant's chest between nipples.Place ring finger on infant's breastbone just below imaginary line* Place pads of next 2 fingers just under line* Raise ring finger & if you can feel notch at tip of infant's breastbone,move fingers up a little* Compress infant's breastbone 1/2-1 inch with pads of fingers & let breastbone return to normal position* Give 5 compressions.Continue giving back blows & chest thrusts until infant can breathe or cough,or until unconsciousAIf person is choking,do not interfere as long as they are coughing.If coughing does not dislodge object from trachea & victim breathing with extreme difficulty,or turn a bluish colour & appear choking but unable to cough or speak,quickly ask,"Are you choking?"Choking victim can nod their head "yes," but will be unable to talk.It is important to ask this question as a person suffering from a heart attack will have similar symptoms,but he will be able to talkAThe Abdominal ThrustIf victim choking;1 Stand behind with your arms around their waist2 Place one fist,with knuckle of thumb against victim's midsection,slightly above navel but well below breastbone3 Hold fist firmly with other hand & pull both hands sharply toward you with upward-and-inward jab4 This procedure should be administered continually until object forced out or victim becomes unconsciousDUE TO THE FORCE WITH WHICH ABDOMINAL THRUST IS GIVEN,IT SHOULD BE USED ONLY IN AN ACTUAL EMERGENCY[EConscious AdultIf a choking conscious adult is noticeably pregnant or too obese to wrap arms around in order to perform abdominal thrusts,give chest thrusts instead:* Stand behind victim,placing your arms under victim's armpits & around chest* Make fist with one hand & put thumb side of fist against centre of victim's breastbone* Make sure thumb is on breastbone,not ribs & not near tip of breastbone* Put your other hand over fist & give quick inward thrusts* Continue giving thrusts until object dislodged,or until victim becomes unconsciousUnconscious AdultIf victim was a conscious choking pregnant woman or obese person who became unconscious:* lower victim gently onto their back on the floor* Or,you may have determined during primary survey,even after retilting head & trying again,air would not go into pregnant or obese victim* You must give chest thrusts* Kneel beside victim,placing one hand on centre of victim's breastbone & then placing your other hand on top* Give 5 quick thrusts,compressing chest 1 1/2-2 inches* Do finger sweep,open airway with head tilt & chin lift & give 2 slow breaths* If air still will not go in,continue giving chest thrusts,finger sweeps & 2 slow breaths until object expelled & air goes in* If victim not breathing & has pulse,go to Rescue Breathing* If victim not breathing & does not have pulse,go to CPR DIf victim was a conscious choking adult who became unconscious,you must lower them to the floor on their back.Perform head tilt & chin lift to try to open airway & attempt to remove obstruction by sweeping it out of victim's mouth with your finger.This is called a finger sweepAlways use a hooking action,being careful not to lodge object in furtherPerform head tilt & chin lift & give 2 slow breaths.If breaths still do not go in,go to abdominal thrusts.Straddle one or both of victim's thighs.Place heel of one hand on victim's abdomen,just above navel yet far below tip of breastbone.Place other hand on top of first,interlacing fingers & give 5 quick upward thrusts.Then do a finger sweep & give 2 slow breathsIf air still will not go in,continue giving 5 abdominal thrusts,a finger sweep & 2 slow breaths.Continue giving thrusts until object dislodged,air goes into victim,or medical personnel takes overIf victim not breathing but has pulse,perform Rescue BreathingIf victim not breathing & does not have pulse,go to CPRBIf child was a conscious choking victim who became unconscious,lower child down onto their backOr,you may have determined during primary survey that air would not go in,even after you retilted & tried againYou must give child 5 abdominal thrusts,do finger sweep if you see object & open airway with head tilt & chin lift & give 2 slow breaths.If breaths still will not go in,continue giving abdominal thrusts,finger sweep & 2 slow breaths until object expelled,child starts to breathe or cough or medical professional takes overIf child not breathing but has pulse,perform Rescue BreathingIf child not breathing & does not have pulse,go to CPRBPerform 5 back blows & 5 chest thrustsDo foreign body check:open infant's mouth,holding tongue & lower jaw & lifting them upward,& look for object;if you do see object,do finger sweep to remove it with little fingerThen give 2 slow breaths.If air still will not go in,continue doing back blows,chest thrusts,foreign body check & 2 slow breaths until infant starts to breathe,cough or air goes inIf infant not breathing but has pulse,perform Rescue BreathingIf infant not breathing & does not have pulse,go to CPR@- Q=U!mPNlmVBurns-SunburnSolar radiationPainful & blister61 Get out of sun2 Cool burn under cold shower/sponge with cold water3 Avoid pressure on burn4 Apply witch hazel,natural yoghurt, calamine lotion or sunburn cream5 Protect burn by staying out of sunSeek medical attention if extensive blisteringIf going out in sun,wear sunscreen with SPF (Sun Protection Factor) of 15 minimum & reapply frequently(SPFn-you can stay in sun n times longer than your normal burn time)Cover existing sunburn if going outsideCardiac ArrestHeart has stopped beatingb*Victim collapses & becomes unconscious/motionless*No breathing movement*No pulse*Skin greyish61 Call emergency services immediately stating cardiac arrest2 Perform MOUTH-TO-MOUTH inflations3 Start chest compression (CPR)4 Give 2 inflations to every 15 compressions until help arrives Chest Wounds*Pain/difficulty breathing-maybe rapid,shallow & uneven*Sense of alarmMay also be *Shock*Coughed up,frothy blood*Grey-blue nails,mouth & skin*Sucking sound of air at chest2 Childbirth-1-Start of Labour\*Low backache*Regular contractions*Discharge of bloodstained mucusMay last several hours61 Call midwife/doctor/emergency services,giving full details,due date etc2 Help mother into most comfortable position.Massaging lower back with heel of hand can relieve paineDO NOT bathe if waters have broken-can cause infectionMother will know what to expect but may panicChildbirth-2-Delivery<*Contractions stronger/more frequent*Waters break any time2!-Childbirth-3-Delivery of Afterbirth/Placenta*Afterbirth delivered up to 30 mins after baby*When expelled and cord stopped pulsating,cord turns blue to white as bloods flows to baby2"'Choking-Aspyx iationLoss of consciousness due to presence of too little oxygen/too much carbon dioxide in the blood.Victim may stop breathing for number of reasons (drowning,electric shock,heart failure,poisoning,suffocation)Flow of oxygen throughout body stops within mins if respiratory system fails.Heart failure,brain damage & death will result if breathing not restarted2#Choking-Conscious AdultIf person clutching throat with both hands,they are making universal sign for chokingIf person can cough or talk,encourage them to continue coughingOnce victim can no longer talk or cough,you must clear obstructed airway$Choking-Conscious ChilduIf child can cough or talk,encourage them to continue coughing.If child cannot cough or talk,ask if they are choking%aChoking-Conscious Infant&Choking-General'('Choking-Pregnant Woman or Obese Person)[Choking-Unconscious AdultIf during primary survey your breaths will not go in an unconscious adult & you re-tilted head & tried again but breaths still would not go in,assume victim's airway obstructed2* Choking-Unconscious Child2+Choking-Unconscious Infant If infant was a conscious choking victim who became unconscious,place them down on their back.Or,you may have determined during primary survey,even after retilting head & trying again,that air would not go in2,CholeraInsanitary conditions7*Vomiting*PULSE loss*Cold clammy skin*Muscle cramps6"Prevent with regular innoculation-AConcussion*Dizziness*Nausea*Mild Headache* Memory loss of accidentSigns of brain injury/skull fracture*Clear or reddish fluid draining from ears,nose,mouth*Difficulty speaking*Headache*Unequal size pupils*Pale skin*Paralysis of arm/leg (opposite side of injury)or face(same side of injury)A1 Place victim in RECOVERY POSITION.Monitor & record PULSE,BREATHING & RESPONSE every 10 mins2 If unconscious over 3 mins call emergency services3 If victim recovers,watch for any deterioration4 Seek medical advice if sickness,tiredness or headache occurs after apparent recoveryA1 Help victim fall safely,reassure them2 Clear all objects away from victim & place something soft under head3 Check for epilepsy card-may list their typical pattern of seizure4 Loosen tight clothing5 If convulsions continue for more than 10 mins or victim injured during attack call emergency services6 Place victim in RECOVERY POSITION once convulsions stopped7 Stay with victim until fully recoveredB1 Kneel beside victim.Locate lowermost rib with index & middle fingers of lower hand.Slide along rib to where it meets breastbone.Place middle finger at this point & index finger above it on the breastbone.2 Place heel of free hand on breatbone & slide it down until it reaches index finger of other hand.This is the point to apply pressure3 Place heel of first hand on top and interlock fingers4 Lean over victim & with arms straight press breastbone vertically down about 4-5 cm.Release pressure but keep hands in place5 (For adult) Repeat 15 times,at an ideal rate of 100 chest compressions per min6 If alone,follow with 2 ARTIFICIAL VENTILATIONS7 Continue alternating 15 chest compressions with 2 artificial ventilations until help arrivesAFor children aged 1-7 years,alternate 5 chest compressions,using one hand,with 1 artificial ventilationFor babies under 1 year,alternate 5 chest compressions,using two fingers,with 1 artificial ventilation (place lips over baby's mouth & nose for artificial ventilation)/ACuts:Do not remove any object embedded in wound1 Wash area with soap & warm water, washing away dirt2 Apply pressure to wound until bleeding stops3 Bandage wound4 If deep,get to doctor quicklyAbrasions (Scratches):1 Wash with soap & warm water2 If bleeds/oozes,bandage to protect from infectionAIf still in water;1 Apply mouth-to-mouth ventilation,moving to dry land in between breaths2 Get victim from water quickly,keeping head lower than chest once clear of water to lower risk of vomiting.Protect from cold weather/wind3 Check BREATHING/PULSE4 If ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION still needed,turn victim's head to side,clear mouth(may bring up water)If breathing,place in RECOVERY POSITIONIf cold,treat for HYPOTHERMIAA1 Call emergency services immediately2 If victim conscious-Get as much information as possible-name of drug,time takenIf victim unconscious-Check & clear AIRWAY,check PULSE & BREATHING & prepare to RESUSCITATE3 If signs of burning in mouth & victim conscious,make them drink water/milk slowly4 Place in RECOVERY POSITION whether conscious or not5 Collect drug container & vomit sample if possibleA1 Remove victim from source of electricity before you touch them.Turn off master switch to disconnect power,or use nonmetal,dry object to pull wire or electrical source away from victim's body2 If not BREATHING,begin ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION immediately;victim whose heart has stopped beating needs CPR3 If victim unconscious but breathing & has PULSE,place in RECOVERY POSITION & monitor breathing/pulse until medical help arrives{L7iD%-1@Clothing Removal6NEVER remove clothes unless absolutely necessary as can cause more harmCrash HelmetsDO NOT remove a crash helmet unless absolutely necessary[ Concussion Often a blow to head,jostling the brain inside the skull.More serious head injury may result in contusions or bruises to brain.Period of unconsciousness may indicate brain damage & accompanies many head injuries.-2/%DO NOT give victim anything to drinkConvulsions-AdultJEpilepsy or sudden illness.Unlikely to cause death unless breathing stopsd*Muscles stiff & hard(tonic stage),followed by jerking movements(clonic stage)*Breathing may cease20DO NOT place fingers or anything in mouthDO NOT restrain victim unless to prevent further injuryOften followed by period of unconsciousness,another convulsion or confusion in victimConvulsions-Child:*Fever*Violent muscle twitchng*Breath holding*Drooling61 Cool child by removing clothing2 Clear away objects & surround with soft padding3 Sponge with tepid water,starting at head4 Once convulsions stopped,place in RECOVERY POSITION with head well tilted back5 Call emergency servicesCPR 8Combines Chest Compressions with Artificial Ventilation12CrampUnknown.Affects any muscle0*Pain*Bunching of muscles bending toes/fingers621 Gently straighten joint2 Massage affected areaPasses in several minutesCuts & Abrasions23/Dengue**Rash*Headache*Fever*Muscle/joint pain6No vaccine/cureRecovery takes several weeksDiabetes/Hypoglyaemia1 Painkillers2 Check temp & consult doctor if fever developsElectric Shock26*AIf person begins to feel faint,they should;-lean forward-lower head toward knees(as head lowered below heart,blood flows to brain)What to do if someone becomes unconscious:1 Keep victim lying down with head lowered & legs elevated2 Loosen tight clothes3 Apply cool,damp cloths to face & neck AIn most cases,victim will regain consciousness shortly after being placed in this positionAfter victim regains consciousness,do not let them get up until questioned(Who are you?,Where are you?,Do you know what day it is?) to be sure they have completely recovered>ADO NOT give victim milky drinks-tea/coffee or acidic drinks-fruit juices/squashesFood Poisoning Prevention-Ensure frozen meat/poultry fully defrosted before cooking-Cook meat/poultry/eggs/fish fully to kill bacteria-DO NOT keep food warm for long periods-Wash hands before preparing-Wear gloves/plaster any cutsA1 Stay calm2 Don't force limb-this may make it swell & more difficult to remove3 Relax limb.Relaxation alone may enable you to free it4 If possible,elevate limb5 Applying ice around exposed area may reduce any swelling & allow limb to be released6 If ice doesn't work,dribble soapy water or cooking oil on limb & turn it or object so you "unscrew" rather than pulling out directlyA1 Handle very gently & DO NOT rub affected area2 Warm area by soaking in water no warmer than 100-105'F,using thermometer to check water temperature.DO NOT let affected body part touch bottom or sides of container holding water3 Leave frostbitten area in water until red & feels warm4 Bandage area with dry,sterile dressing, placing cotton or gauze between frostbitten fingers/toes5 Avoid breaking blisters & seek medical attention quicklyAHead injuries that cause cuts often bleed heavily because blood vessels of scalp close to surface.This bleeding alarming,but not always a severe injuryHead injuries that do not cause visible external bleeding may have caused life-threatening bleeding & swelling inside skull.Anyone experiencing a head injury should be watched carefully for 24 hours for signs of severe head injury_A1 Replace displaced skin2 If bleeding,apply dressing & firm pressure directly over wound.If blood soaks through,apply additional cloths over first.Secure dressing with bandage3 Lay victim down with head/shoulders slightly raised4 If victim becomes unconscious for 3+ mins place in RECOVERY POSITION call emergency services & prepare to RESUSCITATEB1 If conscious,help victim into half sitting position2 Support head,neck & shoulders3 If victim has tablets/aerosol,assist administration4 Reassure victim & help to relax5 Call emergency services/doctor immediately stating victim had heart attack6 Keep victim rested7 Check PULSE & BREATHING8 Give one aspirin tablet,if availableIn victim becomes unconscious place in RECOVERY POSITION & monitor PULSE/BREATHINGIf breathing stops,give mouth-to-mouth/ARTIFICIAL VENTILATIONIf pulse stops start chest compression (CPR)Q@1)qMm ]Emergency Services Information6Information emergency services need*telephone number calling from*exact location,local road/junction names,landmarks*nature,severity & urgency of incident*nature of illness/injures*number,age & sex of victim(s) Eye InjuryT*Intense eye pain*Bloodshot eye*Partial/total vision loss*Blood/clear fluid loss61 Lay victim on back with head resting on your knees to keep head still2 Tell them to keep eye still3 Give victim pad to cover injured eye,keep other eye closed4 Call emergency services(DO NOT touch or rub eye or contact lens FaintingkBefore losing consciousness,victim may complain of;*Lightheadedness*Weakness*Nausea*Skin pale & clammy8*9 Feverz*Bacterial/viral infection*Overactive thyroid gland*Body fluid loss*Excessive head heat*Heart attack*Lymphoma tumourBody temp over 37'C/98.6'F6z1 Remove clothes2 Bath in or sponge down repeatedly with cool/tepid water3 Take aspirin unless doctor advises otherwiseAll fevers should be reported to doctorLong term,very high fever can cause brain damageDO NOT give aspirin to child under 12 yearsFevers*Raised temp under tongue*Skin pallor*Victim feels chilledLater*Sweating*Headache*Aches & pains*Higher temp61 Make victim as comfortable as possible,ie in bed with light covers2 Give cool drinks3 Adult takes 2 paracetamol,children as recommended (not aspirin)Fishhook Removal6If point of hook lies near skin surface;1 Grasp hook shaft with pliers2 Turn hook & push point/barb out through skin3 Cut off barb close to skin4 Pull out hook5 Clean wound with soap & water6 See doctor asapSeek medical help immediately if;*Hook embedded in eyeball*Hook deeply embedded*Tetanus shots not up to date.Have it within 2 days if you need tetanus booster*Signs of INFECTION develop2Food Posioning-Acute(Staphylococcal) & Salmonella)Bacteria in reheated or half cooked food*Nausea,vomitting & diarrhoea*Abdominal pain*Headache*SHOCK*Fever(Salmonella)*Acute takes 2-6 hours to develop,Salmonella takes 1-2 days1 Give victim plenty of water to drink2 Once stomach settled,give jelly, blancmange,dry biscuits or clear soupIf abdominal pain,blood in stools or severe symptoms lasting over 3 days-call doctor:>Freeing Trapped Limbs7Fingers,arms,legs may get caught in bottles,jars,pipes2;7Call emergency services if unable to free trapped limb FrostbiteFreezing of body tissues.Usually occurs in exposed areas of body,affecting superficial or deep tissues.Quite serious.Water in body's cells freezes/swells,damaging & destroying them.Can results in loss of fingers,hands,arms,toes,feet,legsh*Lack of feeling in area*Waxy skin appearance*Cold to touch & discoloured (flushed,white,yellow,blue)2<[Head InjuriesCMost bumps on the head are minor & heal as easily as anywhere else=2>_Prevention* Always wear seat belt when in motor vehicles.Use child car seats* Always wear helmet while biking,motorcycling & skating* Don't dive into shallow or unfamiliar water Heart AttackBlockage of branch of coronary arteryPart of heart muscle dies-if large part,victim unlikely to survive.If small part,recovery possible*Sudden crushing chest pain,spreading to left arm*Conviction victim is dying*Faintness & falling*Heavy sweating*Pale skin,blueness at lips*Weak,fast pulse,may be irregular*Breathlessness*Sudden loss of consciousness2??DO NOT allow victim to moveDO NOT give anything to eat/drink Heat CrampsOverexposure to heat & combination of fluid & salt loss from heavy sweating,usually after strenuous exercise or work outdoors in warm temperatures.Often in legs & abdomen.Indicate more severe problem to come if proper care not given promptlyPainful muscle spasms61 Have victim rest comfortably in cool place & provide with cool water or sports drink2 Stretch muscle gently & massage area3 Once cramps stop,may resume physical activity,drinking plenty of fluids during & after activityHeat ExhaustionStrenuous exercise or work in hot environment.Most common heat-related illness.Victim loses fluid through sweating & bloodflow to skin increases,reducing blood flow to vital organs.Victim goes into mild shock^*Low body temperature*Pale/moist/cool skin*Headache*Nausea*Dizziness/weakness*Exhaustion6PIf heat exhaustion allowed to progress,condition will worsen until heat strokeHAStrenuous exercise or work in hot environment.Heat stroke,least common heat-related illness,occurs when heat exhaustion symptoms are ignored.Body systems become overwhelmed by heat.Sweating stops & body can no longer cool itself.Body temperature rises rapidly & brain/vital organs begin fail.Convulsions,coma & death may result@1 Call emergency services immediately if victim's condition so bad you suspect heat stroke2 Move victim to cool area & give cool water to drink3 Remove any tight or heavy clothes & cool body however you can;apply cool wet cloths to skin,fan victim,or place ice packs on wrists & ankles,in each armpit & on neck in order to cool large blood vessels4 DO NOT apply rubbing alcohol-prevents heat loss5 DO NOT let victim drink too much too quickly-4 ounces every 15 mins ok.If victim vomits,stop giving fluids & position on their side,keep airway clear & monitor breathing/PULSE6 Keep victim lying down, continue cooling body until medical help arrives&APrecautions*Avoid contact with spilled blood,including in the eye*Any blood on first aider's skin should be wiped away and washed at earliest possibility*Infection from saliva negligible unless victim bleeding in/around mouth.Use polythene bag with slit cut if ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION neededASit down & concentrate on slowing breathingPractice a relaxation techniqueBreathe in & out of a paper bag held over nose & mouth.This will help bring amount of CO2 in blood back to normal.Continue intermittently for 5-15 mins.Call emergency services if:* hyperventilation occurs in person who isn't appear tense or anxious* anxiety & hyperventilation are frequent & interfere with daily activitiesA*Shivering*Slow,irregular pulse*Numbness*Glassy stare*Apathy along with decreasing levels of consciousnessPeople can develop hypothermia even when temperature only moderately cold.Elderly in poorly heated homes,homeless,ill or those with certain medical conditions more susceptible to hypothermia.Anyone submerged in cold water or remaining in wet clothes for prolonged period may develop hypothermia,BIf victim may have hypothermia,call emergency services immediately.Care for life-threatening problems.Remove wet clothes,dry victim & warm body gradually by wrapping in blankets.Move to warm place.Use hot water bottles or heating pads to help rewarm body,but put barrier,like blanket,towel or clothes,between heat source & victim to keep from burning them.DO NOT warm victim too quickly & DO NOT immerse victim in warm water.Handle victim gently.In cases of severe hypothermia,victim may be unconscious.Monitor BREATHING & PULSE until medical help arrivesAFor armTrace straight down inside of upper arm & fell for pulse in artery.Apply pressure until blood flow reducedFor legLay victim down with knee bent & feel for pressure point where artery crosses pelvic bone,in centre of groin crease.Apply pressure until blood flow reduced)B1 Rinse area immediately with sea water(DO NOT use fresh water,alcohol or rub sand-this releases more poison2 Splash vinegar,rubbing alcohol or meat tenderizer dissolved in saltwater on area to neutralize poison3 Remove attached tentacles carefully.Protect hand with towel & apply paste of sand or baking soda & saltwater to area.Scrape tentacles off with towel or edge of credit card4 Apply calamine lotion to relieve pain & itchingIf stung by Portuguese man-of-war jellyfish,scrape stinging tentacles off with sand & seek medical help immediatelyBCall emergency services if signs of severe ALLERGIC REACTION develop soon after being stung by jellyfish:*Wheezing,difficulty breathing *Swelling around lips,tongue or face or significant swelling around sting(e.g.entire arm or leg swollen)*If swelling around site of jellyfish sting*If skin around sting becomes discoloured*If over-the-counter pain medications unable to control pain*Call doctor to talk about adrenaline kits or allergy shots (immunotherapy) for jellyfish venom if serious allergic reactionBWith victim lying flat on back;1 Remove obstacles from mouth2 Open AIRWAY by tilting head back3 Pinch victim's nose closed4 Take a full breath,place lips over victim's mouth (for babies,cover baby's mouth and nose)5 Blow into victim's mouth until chest rises,taking about 2 secs to inflate6 Remove your lips & allow victim's chest to deflate,about 4 secs7 Repeat once & check circulation/PULSEIf there is a pulse/no breathing,continue & check pulse after every 10 breathsIf breathing returns,place victim in RECOVERY POSITIONIf no pulse & no other recovery (skin colour,swallowing,coughing or breathing) start CPRIf chest does not rise,check AIRWAY is openOKl99==5n Heat StrokeAHw*High body temperature*Hot,red,dry skin*Progressive loss of consciousness*Rapid,weak pulse*Rapid,shallow breathing2BKIf heat-related illness recognized in early stages,can usually be reversedHernia:*Abdominal bulge or swelling*Lower groin pain*Vomiting61 Support victim in most comfortable position,often sitting with cushion support2 Call doctor or emergency services if pain is severeDO NOT push/press swelling HIV Risk2C&Very small risk of infection Hookworms